feat: implement MCP provider registry and service

- Add provider registry to manage LLM providers (Claude, Codex, Cursor, Gemini). - Create provider routes for MCP server operations (list, upsert, delete, run). - Implement MCP service for handling server operations and validations. - Introduce abstract provider class and MCP provider base for shared functionality. - Add tests for MCP server operations across different providers and scopes. - Define shared interfaces and types for MCP functionality. - Implement utility functions for handling JSON config files and API responses.
2026-04-18 11:31:30 +00:00 · 2026-04-15 20:16:26 +03:00
parent 96463df8da
commit 016e8673f2
21 changed files with 1965 additions and 7 deletions
--- a/eslint.config.js
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -148,9 +148,17 @@ export default tseslint.config(
      ],
      "boundaries/elements": [
        {
-          type: "backend-shared-types", // shared backend type contract that modules may consume without creating runtime coupling
-          pattern: ["server/shared/types.{js,ts}"], // support the current shared types path
-          mode: "file", // treat the types file itself as the boundary element instead of the whole folder
+          type: "backend-shared-type-contract", // shared backend type/interface contracts that modules may consume without creating runtime coupling
+          pattern: [
+            "server/shared/types.{js,ts}",
+            "server/shared/interfaces.{js,ts}",
+          ], // keep backend modules on explicit shared contract files for erased imports only
+          mode: "file", // treat each shared contract file itself as the boundary element instead of the whole folder
+        },
+        {
+          type: "backend-shared-utils", // shared backend runtime helpers that modules may import directly
+          pattern: ["server/shared/utils.{js,ts}"], // classify the shared utils file so modules can depend on it explicitly
+          mode: "file",
        },
        {
          type: "backend-module", // logical element name used by boundaries rules below
@@ -196,13 +204,13 @@ export default tseslint.config(
          checkInternals: false, // do not apply these cross-module rules to imports inside the same module
          rules: [
            {
-              from: { type: "backend-module" }, // modules may depend on the shared types contract only as erased type-only imports
-              to: { type: "backend-shared-types" },
+              from: { type: "backend-module" }, // modules may depend on shared type/interface contracts only as erased type-only imports
+              to: { type: "backend-shared-type-contract" },
              disallow: {
                dependency: { kind: ["value", "typeof"] },
-              }, // block runtime imports so shared types stay a compile-time contract instead of a hidden shared module
+              }, // block runtime imports so shared contracts stay compile-time only instead of becoming hidden shared modules
              message:
-                "Backend modules may only use `import type` when importing from server/shared/types.ts (or server/types.ts).",
+                "Backend modules may only use `import type` when importing from server/shared/types.ts or server/shared/interfaces.ts.",
            },
            {
              to: { type: "backend-module" }, // when importing anything that belongs to another backend module
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@
        "@commitlint/config-conventional": "^20.4.3",
        "@eslint/js": "^9.39.3",
        "@release-it/conventional-changelog": "^10.0.5",
+        "@types/cross-spawn": "^6.0.6",
+        "@types/express": "^5.0.6",
        "@types/node": "^22.19.7",
        "@types/react": "^18.2.43",
        "@types/react-dom": "^18.2.17",
@@ -3752,6 +3754,37 @@
        "@babel/types": "^7.20.7"
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/@types/body-parser": {
+      "version": "1.19.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.19.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HLFeCYgz89uk22N5Qg3dvGvsv46B8GLvKKo1zKG4NybA8U2DiEO3w9lqGg29t/tfLRJpJ6iQxnVw4OnB7MoM9g==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/connect": "*",
+        "@types/node": "*"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/connect": {
+      "version": "3.4.38",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/connect/-/connect-3.4.38.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-K6uROf1LD88uDQqJCktA4yzL1YYAK6NgfsI0v/mTgyPKWsX1CnJ0XPSDhViejru1GcRkLWb8RlzFYJRqGUbaug==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/cross-spawn": {
+      "version": "6.0.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-6.0.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-fXRhhUkG4H3TQk5dBhQ7m/JDdSNHKwR2BBia62lhwEIq9xGiQKLxd6LymNhn47SjXhsUEPmxi+PKw2OkW4LLjA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*"
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/@types/debug": {
      "version": "4.1.12",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/debug/-/debug-4.1.12.tgz",
@@ -3776,6 +3809,31 @@
        "@types/estree": "*"
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/@types/express": {
+      "version": "5.0.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/express/-/express-5.0.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sKYVuV7Sv9fbPIt/442koC7+IIwK5olP1KWeD88e/idgoJqDm3JV/YUiPwkoKK92ylff2MGxSz1CSjsXelx0YA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/body-parser": "*",
+        "@types/express-serve-static-core": "^5.0.0",
+        "@types/serve-static": "^2"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/express-serve-static-core": {
+      "version": "5.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/express-serve-static-core/-/express-serve-static-core-5.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-v4zIMr/cX7/d2BpAEX3KNKL/JrT1s43s96lLvvdTmza1oEvDudCqK9aF/djc/SWgy8Yh0h30TZx5VpzqFCxk5A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*",
+        "@types/qs": "*",
+        "@types/range-parser": "*",
+        "@types/send": "*"
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/@types/hast": {
      "version": "3.0.4",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/hast/-/hast-3.0.4.tgz",
@@ -3785,6 +3843,13 @@
        "@types/unist": "*"
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/@types/http-errors": {
+      "version": "2.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/http-errors/-/http-errors-2.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-r8Tayk8HJnX0FztbZN7oVqGccWgw98T/0neJphO91KkmOzug1KkofZURD4UaD5uH8AqcFLfdPErnBod0u71/qg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
    "node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
      "version": "7.0.15",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/json-schema/-/json-schema-7.0.15.tgz",
@@ -3843,6 +3908,20 @@
      "integrity": "sha512-F6bEyamV9jKGAFBEmlQnesRPGOQqS2+Uwi0Em15xenOxHaf2hv6L8YCVn3rPdPJOiJfPiCnLIRyvwVaqMY3MIw==",
      "license": "MIT"
    },
+    "node_modules/@types/qs": {
+      "version": "6.15.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/qs/-/qs-6.15.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JawvT8iBVWpzTrz3EGw9BTQFg3BQNmwERdKE22vlTxawwtbyUSlMppvZYKLZzB5zgACXdXxbD3m1bXaMqP/9ow==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/range-parser": {
+      "version": "1.2.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hKormJbkJqzQGhziax5PItDUTMAM9uE2XXQmM37dyd4hVM+5aVl7oVxMVUiVQn2oCQFN/LKCZdvSM0pFRqbSmQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
    "node_modules/@types/react": {
      "version": "18.3.23",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/react/-/react-18.3.23.tgz",
@@ -3863,6 +3942,27 @@
        "@types/react": "^18.0.0"
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/@types/send": {
+      "version": "1.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/send/-/send-1.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-arsCikDvlU99zl1g69TcAB3mzZPpxgw0UQnaHeC1Nwb015xp8bknZv5rIfri9xTOcMuaVgvabfIRA7PSZVuZIQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/serve-static": {
+      "version": "2.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/serve-static/-/serve-static-2.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8mam4H1NHLtu7nmtalF7eyBH14QyOASmcxHhSfEoRyr0nP/YdoesEtU+uSRvMe96TW/HPTtkoKqQLl53N7UXMQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/http-errors": "*",
+        "@types/node": "*"
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/@types/unist": {
      "version": "3.0.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/unist/-/unist-3.0.3.tgz",
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -128,6 +128,8 @@
    "@commitlint/config-conventional": "^20.4.3",
    "@eslint/js": "^9.39.3",
    "@release-it/conventional-changelog": "^10.0.5",
+    "@types/cross-spawn": "^6.0.6",
+    "@types/express": "^5.0.6",
    "@types/node": "^22.19.7",
    "@types/react": "^18.2.43",
    "@types/react-dom": "^18.2.17",
--- a/server/index.js
+++ b/server/index.js
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import fs from 'fs';
 import path from 'path';
 import { findAppRoot, getModuleDir } from './utils/runtime-paths.js';

+import { AppError } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+
 const __dirname = getModuleDir(import.meta.url);
 // The server source runs from /server, while the compiled output runs from /dist-server/server.
 // Resolving the app root once keeps every repo-level lookup below aligned across both layouts.
@@ -2289,6 +2292,30 @@ app.get('*', (req, res) => {
    }
 });

+// global error middleware must be last
+app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
+  if (err instanceof AppError) {
+    return res.status(err.statusCode).json({
+      success: false,
+      error: {
+        code: err.code,
+        message: err.message,
+        details: err.details,
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  console.error(err);
+
+  return res.status(500).json({
+    success: false,
+    error: {
+      code: 'INTERNAL_ERROR',
+      message: 'Internal server error',
+    },
+  });
+});
+
 // Helper function to convert permissions to rwx format
 function permToRwx(perm) {
    const r = perm & 4 ? 'r' : '-';
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/claude/claude-mcp.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/claude/claude-mcp.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import { McpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.js';
+import type { McpScope, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import {
+  AppError,
+  readJsonConfig,
+  readObjectRecord,
+  readOptionalString,
+  readStringArray,
+  readStringRecord,
+  writeJsonConfig,
+} from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+export class ClaudeMcpProvider extends McpProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('claude', ['user', 'local', 'project'], ['stdio', 'http', 'sse']);
+  }
+
+  protected async readScopedServers(scope: McpScope, workspacePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+    if (scope === 'project') {
+      const filePath = path.join(workspacePath, '.mcp.json');
+      const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+      return readObjectRecord(config.mcpServers) ?? {};
+    }
+
+    const filePath = path.join(os.homedir(), '.claude.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    if (scope === 'user') {
+      return readObjectRecord(config.mcpServers) ?? {};
+    }
+
+    const projects = readObjectRecord(config.projects) ?? {};
+    const projectConfig = readObjectRecord(projects[workspacePath]) ?? {};
+    return readObjectRecord(projectConfig.mcpServers) ?? {};
+  }
+
+  protected async writeScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+    servers: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    if (scope === 'project') {
+      const filePath = path.join(workspacePath, '.mcp.json');
+      const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+      config.mcpServers = servers;
+      await writeJsonConfig(filePath, config);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const filePath = path.join(os.homedir(), '.claude.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    if (scope === 'user') {
+      config.mcpServers = servers;
+      await writeJsonConfig(filePath, config);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const projects = readObjectRecord(config.projects) ?? {};
+    const projectConfig = readObjectRecord(projects[workspacePath]) ?? {};
+    projectConfig.mcpServers = servers;
+    projects[workspacePath] = projectConfig;
+    config.projects = projects;
+    await writeJsonConfig(filePath, config);
+  }
+
+  protected buildServerConfig(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (input.transport === 'stdio') {
+      if (!input.command?.trim()) {
+        throw new AppError('command is required for stdio MCP servers.', {
+          code: 'MCP_COMMAND_REQUIRED',
+          statusCode: 400,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return {
+        type: 'stdio',
+        command: input.command,
+        args: input.args ?? [],
+        env: input.env ?? {},
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!input.url?.trim()) {
+      throw new AppError('url is required for http/sse MCP servers.', {
+        code: 'MCP_URL_REQUIRED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return {
+      type: input.transport,
+      url: input.url,
+      headers: input.headers ?? {},
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected normalizeServerConfig(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    name: string,
+    rawConfig: unknown,
+  ): ProviderMcpServer | null {
+    if (!rawConfig || typeof rawConfig !== 'object') {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const config = rawConfig as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (typeof config.command === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'claude',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'stdio',
+        command: config.command,
+        args: readStringArray(config.args),
+        env: readStringRecord(config.env),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof config.url === 'string') {
+      const transport = readOptionalString(config.type) === 'sse' ? 'sse' : 'http';
+      return {
+        provider: 'claude',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport,
+        url: config.url,
+        headers: readStringRecord(config.headers),
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/claude/claude.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/claude/claude.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { AbstractProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.js';
+import { ClaudeMcpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/claude/claude-mcp.provider.js';
+
+export class ClaudeProvider extends AbstractProvider {
+  readonly mcp = new ClaudeMcpProvider();
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('claude');
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/codex/codex-mcp.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/codex/codex-mcp.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import TOML from '@iarna/toml';
+
+import { McpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.js';
+import type { McpScope, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import {
+  AppError,
+  readObjectRecord,
+  readOptionalString,
+  readStringArray,
+  readStringRecord,
+} from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+const readTomlConfig = async (filePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => {
+  try {
+    const content = await readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+    const parsed = TOML.parse(content) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    return readObjectRecord(parsed) ?? {};
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = (error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code;
+    if (code === 'ENOENT') {
+      return {};
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+};
+
+const writeTomlConfig = async (filePath: string, data: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<void> => {
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
+  const toml = TOML.stringify(data as never);
+  await writeFile(filePath, toml, 'utf8');
+};
+
+export class CodexMcpProvider extends McpProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('codex', ['user', 'project'], ['stdio', 'http']);
+  }
+
+  protected async readScopedServers(scope: McpScope, workspacePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.codex', 'config.toml')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.codex', 'config.toml');
+    const config = await readTomlConfig(filePath);
+    return readObjectRecord(config.mcp_servers) ?? {};
+  }
+
+  protected async writeScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+    servers: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.codex', 'config.toml')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.codex', 'config.toml');
+    const config = await readTomlConfig(filePath);
+    config.mcp_servers = servers;
+    await writeTomlConfig(filePath, config);
+  }
+
+  protected buildServerConfig(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (input.transport === 'stdio') {
+      if (!input.command?.trim()) {
+        throw new AppError('command is required for stdio MCP servers.', {
+          code: 'MCP_COMMAND_REQUIRED',
+          statusCode: 400,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return {
+        command: input.command,
+        args: input.args ?? [],
+        env: input.env ?? {},
+        env_vars: input.envVars ?? [],
+        cwd: input.cwd,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!input.url?.trim()) {
+      throw new AppError('url is required for http MCP servers.', {
+        code: 'MCP_URL_REQUIRED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return {
+      url: input.url,
+      bearer_token_env_var: input.bearerTokenEnvVar,
+      http_headers: input.headers ?? {},
+      env_http_headers: input.envHttpHeaders ?? {},
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected normalizeServerConfig(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    name: string,
+    rawConfig: unknown,
+  ): ProviderMcpServer | null {
+    if (!rawConfig || typeof rawConfig !== 'object') {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const config = rawConfig as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (typeof config.command === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'codex',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'stdio',
+        command: config.command,
+        args: readStringArray(config.args),
+        env: readStringRecord(config.env),
+        cwd: readOptionalString(config.cwd),
+        envVars: readStringArray(config.env_vars),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof config.url === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'codex',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'http',
+        url: config.url,
+        headers: readStringRecord(config.http_headers),
+        bearerTokenEnvVar: readOptionalString(config.bearer_token_env_var),
+        envHttpHeaders: readStringRecord(config.env_http_headers),
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/codex/codex.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/codex/codex.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { AbstractProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.js';
+import { CodexMcpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/codex/codex-mcp.provider.js';
+
+export class CodexProvider extends AbstractProvider {
+  readonly mcp = new CodexMcpProvider();
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('codex');
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor-mcp.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor-mcp.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import { McpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.js';
+import type { McpScope, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import {
+  AppError,
+  readJsonConfig,
+  readObjectRecord,
+  readOptionalString,
+  readStringArray,
+  readStringRecord,
+  writeJsonConfig,
+} from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+export class CursorMcpProvider extends McpProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('cursor', ['user', 'project'], ['stdio', 'http', 'sse']);
+  }
+
+  protected async readScopedServers(scope: McpScope, workspacePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.cursor', 'mcp.json')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.cursor', 'mcp.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    return readObjectRecord(config.mcpServers) ?? {};
+  }
+
+  protected async writeScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+    servers: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.cursor', 'mcp.json')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.cursor', 'mcp.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    config.mcpServers = servers;
+    await writeJsonConfig(filePath, config);
+  }
+
+  protected buildServerConfig(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (input.transport === 'stdio') {
+      if (!input.command?.trim()) {
+        throw new AppError('command is required for stdio MCP servers.', {
+          code: 'MCP_COMMAND_REQUIRED',
+          statusCode: 400,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return {
+        command: input.command,
+        args: input.args ?? [],
+        env: input.env ?? {},
+        cwd: input.cwd,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!input.url?.trim()) {
+      throw new AppError('url is required for http/sse MCP servers.', {
+        code: 'MCP_URL_REQUIRED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return {
+      url: input.url,
+      headers: input.headers ?? {},
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected normalizeServerConfig(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    name: string,
+    rawConfig: unknown,
+  ): ProviderMcpServer | null {
+    if (!rawConfig || typeof rawConfig !== 'object') {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const config = rawConfig as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (typeof config.command === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'cursor',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'stdio',
+        command: config.command,
+        args: readStringArray(config.args),
+        env: readStringRecord(config.env),
+        cwd: readOptionalString(config.cwd),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof config.url === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'cursor',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'http',
+        url: config.url,
+        headers: readStringRecord(config.headers),
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { AbstractProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.js';
+import { CursorMcpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor-mcp.provider.js';
+
+export class CursorProvider extends AbstractProvider {
+  readonly mcp = new CursorMcpProvider();
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('cursor');
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini-mcp.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini-mcp.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import { McpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.js';
+import type { McpScope, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import {
+  AppError,
+  readJsonConfig,
+  readObjectRecord,
+  readOptionalString,
+  readStringArray,
+  readStringRecord,
+  writeJsonConfig,
+} from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+export class GeminiMcpProvider extends McpProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('gemini', ['user', 'project'], ['stdio', 'http', 'sse']);
+  }
+
+  protected async readScopedServers(scope: McpScope, workspacePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.gemini', 'settings.json')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.gemini', 'settings.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    return readObjectRecord(config.mcpServers) ?? {};
+  }
+
+  protected async writeScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+    servers: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const filePath = scope === 'user'
+      ? path.join(os.homedir(), '.gemini', 'settings.json')
+      : path.join(workspacePath, '.gemini', 'settings.json');
+    const config = await readJsonConfig(filePath);
+    config.mcpServers = servers;
+    await writeJsonConfig(filePath, config);
+  }
+
+  protected buildServerConfig(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (input.transport === 'stdio') {
+      if (!input.command?.trim()) {
+        throw new AppError('command is required for stdio MCP servers.', {
+          code: 'MCP_COMMAND_REQUIRED',
+          statusCode: 400,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return {
+        command: input.command,
+        args: input.args ?? [],
+        env: input.env ?? {},
+        cwd: input.cwd,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!input.url?.trim()) {
+      throw new AppError('url is required for http/sse MCP servers.', {
+        code: 'MCP_URL_REQUIRED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return {
+      type: input.transport,
+      url: input.url,
+      headers: input.headers ?? {},
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected normalizeServerConfig(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    name: string,
+    rawConfig: unknown,
+  ): ProviderMcpServer | null {
+    if (!rawConfig || typeof rawConfig !== 'object') {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const config = rawConfig as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (typeof config.command === 'string') {
+      return {
+        provider: 'gemini',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport: 'stdio',
+        command: config.command,
+        args: readStringArray(config.args),
+        env: readStringRecord(config.env),
+        cwd: readOptionalString(config.cwd),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof config.url === 'string') {
+      const transport = readOptionalString(config.type) === 'sse' ? 'sse' : 'http';
+      return {
+        provider: 'gemini',
+        name,
+        scope,
+        transport,
+        url: config.url,
+        headers: readStringRecord(config.headers),
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { AbstractProvider } from '@/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.js';
+import { GeminiMcpProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini-mcp.provider.js';
+
+export class GeminiProvider extends AbstractProvider {
+  readonly mcp = new GeminiMcpProvider();
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('gemini');
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/provider.registry.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/provider.registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { ClaudeProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/claude/claude.provider.js';
+import { CodexProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/codex/codex.provider.js';
+import { CursorProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/cursor/cursor.provider.js';
+import { GeminiProvider } from '@/modules/providers/list/gemini/gemini.provider.js';
+import type { IProvider } from '@/shared/interfaces.js';
+import type { LLMProvider } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import { AppError } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+const providers: Record<LLMProvider, IProvider> = {
+  claude: new ClaudeProvider(),
+  codex: new CodexProvider(),
+  cursor: new CursorProvider(),
+  gemini: new GeminiProvider(),
+};
+
+/**
+ * Central registry for resolving provider MCP implementations by id.
+ */
+export const providerRegistry = {
+  listProviders(): IProvider[] {
+    return Object.values(providers);
+  },
+
+  resolveProvider(provider: string): IProvider {
+    const key = provider as LLMProvider;
+    const resolvedProvider = providers[key];
+    if (!resolvedProvider) {
+      throw new AppError(`Unsupported provider "${provider}".`, {
+        code: 'UNSUPPORTED_PROVIDER',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return resolvedProvider;
+  },
+};
--- a/server/modules/providers/provider.routes.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/provider.routes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+import express, { type Request, type Response } from 'express';
+
+import { providerMcpService } from '@/modules/providers/services/mcp.service.js';
+import type { LLMProvider, McpScope, McpTransport, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import { AppError, asyncHandler, createApiSuccessResponse } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+const router = express.Router();
+
+const readPathParam = (value: unknown, name: string): string => {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value) && typeof value[0] === 'string') {
+    return value[0];
+  }
+
+  throw new AppError(`${name} path parameter is invalid.`, {
+    code: 'INVALID_PATH_PARAMETER',
+    statusCode: 400,
+  });
+};
+
+const normalizeProviderParam = (value: unknown): string =>
+  readPathParam(value, 'provider').trim().toLowerCase();
+
+const readOptionalQueryString = (value: unknown): string | undefined => {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const normalized = value.trim();
+  return normalized.length > 0 ? normalized : undefined;
+};
+
+const parseMcpScope = (value: unknown): McpScope | undefined => {
+  if (value === undefined) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const normalized = readOptionalQueryString(value);
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized === 'user' || normalized === 'local' || normalized === 'project') {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+
+  throw new AppError(`Unsupported MCP scope "${normalized}".`, {
+    code: 'INVALID_MCP_SCOPE',
+    statusCode: 400,
+  });
+};
+
+const parseMcpTransport = (value: unknown): McpTransport => {
+  const normalized = readOptionalQueryString(value);
+  if (!normalized) {
+    throw new AppError('transport is required.', {
+      code: 'MCP_TRANSPORT_REQUIRED',
+      statusCode: 400,
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (normalized === 'stdio' || normalized === 'http' || normalized === 'sse') {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+
+  throw new AppError(`Unsupported MCP transport "${normalized}".`, {
+    code: 'INVALID_MCP_TRANSPORT',
+    statusCode: 400,
+  });
+};
+
+const parseMcpUpsertPayload = (payload: unknown): UpsertProviderMcpServerInput => {
+  if (!payload || typeof payload !== 'object') {
+    throw new AppError('Request body must be an object.', {
+      code: 'INVALID_REQUEST_BODY',
+      statusCode: 400,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const body = payload as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const name = readOptionalQueryString(body.name);
+  if (!name) {
+    throw new AppError('name is required.', {
+      code: 'MCP_NAME_REQUIRED',
+      statusCode: 400,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const transport = parseMcpTransport(body.transport);
+  const scope = parseMcpScope(body.scope);
+  const workspacePath = readOptionalQueryString(body.workspacePath);
+
+  return {
+    name,
+    transport,
+    scope,
+    workspacePath,
+    command: readOptionalQueryString(body.command),
+    args: Array.isArray(body.args) ? body.args.filter((entry): entry is string => typeof entry === 'string') : undefined,
+    env: typeof body.env === 'object' && body.env !== null
+      ? Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(body.env as Record<string, unknown>).filter(
+            (entry): entry is [string, string] => typeof entry[1] === 'string',
+          ),
+        )
+      : undefined,
+    cwd: readOptionalQueryString(body.cwd),
+    url: readOptionalQueryString(body.url),
+    headers: typeof body.headers === 'object' && body.headers !== null
+      ? Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(body.headers as Record<string, unknown>).filter(
+            (entry): entry is [string, string] => typeof entry[1] === 'string',
+          ),
+        )
+      : undefined,
+    envVars: Array.isArray(body.envVars)
+      ? body.envVars.filter((entry): entry is string => typeof entry === 'string')
+      : undefined,
+    bearerTokenEnvVar: readOptionalQueryString(body.bearerTokenEnvVar),
+    envHttpHeaders: typeof body.envHttpHeaders === 'object' && body.envHttpHeaders !== null
+      ? Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(body.envHttpHeaders as Record<string, unknown>).filter(
+            (entry): entry is [string, string] => typeof entry[1] === 'string',
+          ),
+        )
+      : undefined,
+  };
+};
+
+const parseProvider = (value: unknown): LLMProvider => {
+  const normalized = normalizeProviderParam(value);
+  if (normalized === 'claude' || normalized === 'codex' || normalized === 'cursor' || normalized === 'gemini') {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+
+  throw new AppError(`Unsupported provider "${normalized}".`, {
+    code: 'UNSUPPORTED_PROVIDER',
+    statusCode: 400,
+  });
+};
+
+router.get(
+  '/providers/:provider/mcp/servers',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const provider = parseProvider(req.params.provider);
+    const workspacePath = readOptionalQueryString(req.query.workspacePath);
+    const scope = parseMcpScope(req.query.scope);
+
+    if (scope) {
+      const servers = await providerMcpService.listProviderMcpServersForScope(provider, scope, { workspacePath });
+      res.json(createApiSuccessResponse({ provider, scope, servers }));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const groupedServers = await providerMcpService.listProviderMcpServers(provider, { workspacePath });
+    res.json(createApiSuccessResponse({ provider, scopes: groupedServers }));
+  }),
+);
+
+router.post(
+  '/providers/:provider/mcp/servers',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const provider = parseProvider(req.params.provider);
+    const payload = parseMcpUpsertPayload(req.body);
+    const server = await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer(provider, payload);
+    res.status(201).json(createApiSuccessResponse({ server }));
+  }),
+);
+
+router.put(
+  '/providers/:provider/mcp/servers/:name',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const provider = parseProvider(req.params.provider);
+    const payload = parseMcpUpsertPayload({
+      ...((req.body && typeof req.body === 'object') ? req.body as Record<string, unknown> : {}),
+      name: readPathParam(req.params.name, 'name'),
+    });
+    const server = await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer(provider, payload);
+    res.json(createApiSuccessResponse({ server }));
+  }),
+);
+
+router.delete(
+  '/providers/:provider/mcp/servers/:name',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const provider = parseProvider(req.params.provider);
+    const scope = parseMcpScope(req.query.scope);
+    const workspacePath = readOptionalQueryString(req.query.workspacePath);
+    const result = await providerMcpService.removeProviderMcpServer(provider, {
+      name: readPathParam(req.params.name, 'name'),
+      scope,
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+    res.json(createApiSuccessResponse(result));
+  }),
+);
+
+router.post(
+  '/providers/:provider/mcp/servers/:name/run',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const provider = parseProvider(req.params.provider);
+    const body = (req.body as Record<string, unknown> | undefined) ?? {};
+    const scope = parseMcpScope(body.scope ?? req.query.scope);
+    const workspacePath = readOptionalQueryString(body.workspacePath ?? req.query.workspacePath);
+    const result = await providerMcpService.runProviderMcpServer(provider, {
+      name: readPathParam(req.params.name, 'name'),
+      scope,
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+    res.json(createApiSuccessResponse(result));
+  }),
+);
+
+router.post(
+  '/mcp/servers/global',
+  asyncHandler(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    const payload = parseMcpUpsertPayload(req.body);
+    if (payload.scope === 'local') {
+      throw new AppError('Global MCP add supports only "user" or "project" scopes.', {
+        code: 'INVALID_GLOBAL_MCP_SCOPE',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const results = await providerMcpService.addMcpServerToAllProviders({
+      ...payload,
+      scope: payload.scope === 'user' ? 'user' : 'project',
+    });
+    res.status(201).json(createApiSuccessResponse({ results }));
+  }),
+);
+
+export default router;
--- a/server/modules/providers/services/mcp.service.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/services/mcp.service.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { providerRegistry } from '@/modules/providers/provider.registry.js';
+import type { LLMProvider, McpScope, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import { AppError } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+
+export const providerMcpService = {
+  /**
+   * Lists MCP servers for one provider grouped by supported scopes.
+   */
+  async listProviderMcpServers(
+    providerName: string,
+    options?: { workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<Record<McpScope, ProviderMcpServer[]>> {
+    const provider = providerRegistry.resolveProvider(providerName);
+    return provider.mcp.listServers(options);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Lists MCP servers for one provider scope.
+   */
+  async listProviderMcpServersForScope(
+    providerName: string,
+    scope: McpScope,
+    options?: { workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<ProviderMcpServer[]> {
+    const provider = providerRegistry.resolveProvider(providerName);
+    return provider.mcp.listServersForScope(scope, options);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Adds or updates one provider MCP server.
+   */
+  async upsertProviderMcpServer(
+    providerName: string,
+    input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput,
+  ): Promise<ProviderMcpServer> {
+    const provider = providerRegistry.resolveProvider(providerName);
+    return provider.mcp.upsertServer(input);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Removes one provider MCP server.
+   */
+  async removeProviderMcpServer(
+    providerName: string,
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{ removed: boolean; provider: LLMProvider; name: string; scope: McpScope }> {
+    const provider = providerRegistry.resolveProvider(providerName);
+    return provider.mcp.removeServer(input);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Runs one provider MCP server probe.
+   */
+  async runProviderMcpServer(
+    providerName: string,
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{
+    provider: LLMProvider;
+    name: string;
+    scope: McpScope;
+    transport: 'stdio' | 'http' | 'sse';
+    reachable: boolean;
+    statusCode?: number;
+    error?: string;
+  }> {
+    const provider = providerRegistry.resolveProvider(providerName);
+    return provider.mcp.runServer(input);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Adds one HTTP/stdio MCP server to every provider.
+   */
+  async addMcpServerToAllProviders(
+    input: Omit<UpsertProviderMcpServerInput, 'scope'> & { scope?: Exclude<McpScope, 'local'> },
+  ): Promise<Array<{ provider: LLMProvider; created: boolean; error?: string }>> {
+    if (input.transport !== 'stdio' && input.transport !== 'http') {
+      throw new AppError('Global MCP add supports only "stdio" and "http".', {
+        code: 'INVALID_GLOBAL_MCP_TRANSPORT',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const scope = input.scope ?? 'project';
+    const results: Array<{ provider: LLMProvider; created: boolean; error?: string }> = [];
+    const providers = providerRegistry.listProviders();
+    for (const provider of providers) {
+      try {
+        await provider.mcp.upsertServer({ ...input, scope });
+        results.push({ provider: provider.id, created: true });
+      } catch (error) {
+        results.push({
+          provider: provider.id,
+          created: false,
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error',
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+};
--- a/server/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/shared/base/abstract.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import type { IProvider, IProviderMcpRuntime } from '@/shared/interfaces.js';
+import type { LLMProvider } from '@/shared/types.js';
+
+/**
+ * Shared MCP-only provider base.
+ */
+export abstract class AbstractProvider implements IProvider {
+  readonly id: LLMProvider;
+  abstract readonly mcp: IProviderMcpRuntime;
+
+  protected constructor(id: LLMProvider) {
+    this.id = id;
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/shared/mcp/mcp.provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+import { once } from 'node:events';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import spawn from 'cross-spawn';
+
+import type { IProviderMcpRuntime } from '@/shared/interfaces.js';
+import type { LLMProvider, McpScope, McpTransport, ProviderMcpServer, UpsertProviderMcpServerInput } from '@/shared/types.js';
+import { AppError } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+const resolveWorkspacePath = (workspacePath?: string): string =>
+  path.resolve(workspacePath ?? process.cwd());
+
+const normalizeServerName = (name: string): string => {
+  const normalized = name.trim();
+  if (!normalized) {
+    throw new AppError('MCP server name is required.', {
+      code: 'MCP_SERVER_NAME_REQUIRED',
+      statusCode: 400,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return normalized;
+};
+
+const runStdioServerProbe = async (
+  server: ProviderMcpServer,
+  workspacePath: string,
+): Promise<{ reachable: boolean; error?: string }> => {
+  if (!server.command) {
+    return { reachable: false, error: 'Missing stdio command.' };
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const child = spawn(server.command, server.args ?? [], {
+      cwd: server.cwd ? path.resolve(workspacePath, server.cwd) : workspacePath,
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        ...(server.env ?? {}),
+      },
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+    });
+
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+      if (!child.killed && child.exitCode === null) {
+        child.kill('SIGTERM');
+      }
+    }, 1_500);
+
+    const errorPromise = once(child, 'error').then(([error]) => {
+      throw error;
+    });
+    const closePromise = once(child, 'close');
+    await Promise.race([closePromise, errorPromise]);
+    clearTimeout(timeout);
+
+    if (typeof child.exitCode === 'number' && child.exitCode !== 0) {
+      return {
+        reachable: false,
+        error: `Process exited with code ${child.exitCode}.`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return { reachable: true };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return {
+      reachable: false,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to start stdio process',
+    };
+  }
+};
+
+const runHttpServerProbe = async (
+  url: string,
+): Promise<{ reachable: boolean; statusCode?: number; error?: string }> => {
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const timeout = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 3_000);
+  try {
+    const response = await fetch(url, { method: 'GET', signal: controller.signal });
+    clearTimeout(timeout);
+    return {
+      reachable: true,
+      statusCode: response.status,
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    clearTimeout(timeout);
+    return {
+      reachable: false,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Network probe failed',
+    };
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Shared MCP provider for provider-specific config readers/writers.
+ */
+export abstract class McpProvider implements IProviderMcpRuntime {
+  protected readonly provider: LLMProvider;
+  protected readonly supportedScopes: McpScope[];
+  protected readonly supportedTransports: McpTransport[];
+
+  protected constructor(
+    provider: LLMProvider,
+    supportedScopes: McpScope[],
+    supportedTransports: McpTransport[],
+  ) {
+    this.provider = provider;
+    this.supportedScopes = supportedScopes;
+    this.supportedTransports = supportedTransports;
+  }
+
+  async listServers(options?: { workspacePath?: string }): Promise<Record<McpScope, ProviderMcpServer[]>> {
+    const grouped: Record<McpScope, ProviderMcpServer[]> = {
+      user: [],
+      local: [],
+      project: [],
+    };
+
+    for (const scope of this.supportedScopes) {
+      grouped[scope] = await this.listServersForScope(scope, options);
+    }
+
+    return grouped;
+  }
+
+  async listServersForScope(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    options?: { workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<ProviderMcpServer[]> {
+    if (!this.supportedScopes.includes(scope)) {
+      return [];
+    }
+
+    const workspacePath = resolveWorkspacePath(options?.workspacePath);
+    const scopedServers = await this.readScopedServers(scope, workspacePath);
+    return Object.entries(scopedServers)
+      .map(([name, rawConfig]) => this.normalizeServerConfig(scope, name, rawConfig))
+      .filter((entry): entry is ProviderMcpServer => entry !== null);
+  }
+
+  async upsertServer(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Promise<ProviderMcpServer> {
+    const scope = input.scope ?? 'project';
+    this.assertScopeAndTransport(scope, input.transport);
+
+    const workspacePath = resolveWorkspacePath(input.workspacePath);
+    const normalizedName = normalizeServerName(input.name);
+    const scopedServers = await this.readScopedServers(scope, workspacePath);
+    scopedServers[normalizedName] = this.buildServerConfig(input);
+    await this.writeScopedServers(scope, workspacePath, scopedServers);
+
+    return {
+      provider: this.provider,
+      name: normalizedName,
+      scope,
+      transport: input.transport,
+      command: input.command,
+      args: input.args,
+      env: input.env,
+      cwd: input.cwd,
+      url: input.url,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      envVars: input.envVars,
+      bearerTokenEnvVar: input.bearerTokenEnvVar,
+      envHttpHeaders: input.envHttpHeaders,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async removeServer(
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{ removed: boolean; provider: LLMProvider; name: string; scope: McpScope }> {
+    const scope = input.scope ?? 'project';
+    this.assertScope(scope);
+
+    const workspacePath = resolveWorkspacePath(input.workspacePath);
+    const normalizedName = normalizeServerName(input.name);
+    const scopedServers = await this.readScopedServers(scope, workspacePath);
+    const removed = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(scopedServers, normalizedName);
+    if (removed) {
+      delete scopedServers[normalizedName];
+      await this.writeScopedServers(scope, workspacePath, scopedServers);
+    }
+
+    return { removed, provider: this.provider, name: normalizedName, scope };
+  }
+
+  async runServer(
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{
+    provider: LLMProvider;
+    name: string;
+    scope: McpScope;
+    transport: McpTransport;
+    reachable: boolean;
+    statusCode?: number;
+    error?: string;
+  }> {
+    const scope = input.scope ?? 'project';
+    this.assertScope(scope);
+
+    const workspacePath = resolveWorkspacePath(input.workspacePath);
+    const normalizedName = normalizeServerName(input.name);
+    const scopedServers = await this.readScopedServers(scope, workspacePath);
+    const rawConfig = scopedServers[normalizedName];
+    if (!rawConfig || typeof rawConfig !== 'object') {
+      throw new AppError(`MCP server "${normalizedName}" was not found.`, {
+        code: 'MCP_SERVER_NOT_FOUND',
+        statusCode: 404,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const normalized = this.normalizeServerConfig(scope, normalizedName, rawConfig);
+    if (!normalized) {
+      throw new AppError(`MCP server "${normalizedName}" has an invalid configuration.`, {
+        code: 'MCP_SERVER_INVALID_CONFIG',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (normalized.transport === 'stdio') {
+      const result = await runStdioServerProbe(normalized, workspacePath);
+      return {
+        provider: this.provider,
+        name: normalizedName,
+        scope,
+        transport: normalized.transport,
+        reachable: result.reachable,
+        error: result.error,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const result = await runHttpServerProbe(normalized.url ?? '');
+    return {
+      provider: this.provider,
+      name: normalizedName,
+      scope,
+      transport: normalized.transport,
+      reachable: result.reachable,
+      statusCode: result.statusCode,
+      error: result.error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected abstract readScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+  ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>>;
+
+  protected abstract writeScopedServers(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    workspacePath: string,
+    servers: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void>;
+
+  protected abstract buildServerConfig(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Record<string, unknown>;
+
+  protected abstract normalizeServerConfig(
+    scope: McpScope,
+    name: string,
+    rawConfig: unknown,
+  ): ProviderMcpServer | null;
+
+  protected assertScope(scope: McpScope): void {
+    if (!this.supportedScopes.includes(scope)) {
+      throw new AppError(`Provider "${this.provider}" does not support "${scope}" MCP scope.`, {
+        code: 'MCP_SCOPE_NOT_SUPPORTED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected assertScopeAndTransport(scope: McpScope, transport: McpTransport): void {
+    this.assertScope(scope);
+    if (!this.supportedTransports.includes(transport)) {
+      throw new AppError(`Provider "${this.provider}" does not support "${transport}" MCP transport.`, {
+        code: 'MCP_TRANSPORT_NOT_SUPPORTED',
+        statusCode: 400,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/server/modules/providers/tests/mcp.test.ts
+++ b/server/modules/providers/tests/mcp.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import http from 'node:http';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import test from 'node:test';
+
+import TOML from '@iarna/toml';
+
+import { providerMcpService } from '@/modules/providers/services/mcp.service.js';
+import { AppError } from '@/shared/utils.js';
+
+const patchHomeDir = (nextHomeDir: string) => {
+  const original = os.homedir;
+  (os as any).homedir = () => nextHomeDir;
+  return () => {
+    (os as any).homedir = original;
+  };
+};
+
+const readJson = async (filePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => {
+  const content = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+  return JSON.parse(content) as Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * This test covers Claude MCP support for all scopes (user/local/project) and all transports (stdio/http/sse),
+ * including add, update/list, and remove operations.
+ */
+test('providerMcpService handles claude MCP scopes/transports with file-backed persistence', { concurrency: false }, async () => {
+  const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'llm-mcp-claude-'));
+  const workspacePath = path.join(tempRoot, 'workspace');
+  await fs.mkdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
+
+  const restoreHomeDir = patchHomeDir(tempRoot);
+  try {
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('claude', {
+      name: 'claude-user-stdio',
+      scope: 'user',
+      transport: 'stdio',
+      command: 'npx',
+      args: ['-y', 'my-server'],
+      env: { API_KEY: 'secret' },
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('claude', {
+      name: 'claude-local-http',
+      scope: 'local',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url: 'https://example.com/mcp',
+      headers: { Authorization: 'Bearer token' },
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('claude', {
+      name: 'claude-project-sse',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'sse',
+      url: 'https://example.com/sse',
+      headers: { 'X-API-Key': 'abc' },
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    const grouped = await providerMcpService.listProviderMcpServers('claude', { workspacePath });
+    assert.ok(grouped.user.some((server) => server.name === 'claude-user-stdio' && server.transport === 'stdio'));
+    assert.ok(grouped.local.some((server) => server.name === 'claude-local-http' && server.transport === 'http'));
+    assert.ok(grouped.project.some((server) => server.name === 'claude-project-sse' && server.transport === 'sse'));
+
+    // update behavior is the same upsert route with same name
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('claude', {
+      name: 'claude-project-sse',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'sse',
+      url: 'https://example.com/sse-updated',
+      headers: { 'X-API-Key': 'updated' },
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    const projectConfig = await readJson(path.join(workspacePath, '.mcp.json'));
+    const projectServers = projectConfig.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const projectServer = projectServers['claude-project-sse'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(projectServer.url, 'https://example.com/sse-updated');
+
+    const removeResult = await providerMcpService.removeProviderMcpServer('claude', {
+      name: 'claude-local-http',
+      scope: 'local',
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+    assert.equal(removeResult.removed, true);
+  } finally {
+    restoreHomeDir();
+    await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * This test covers Codex MCP support for user/project scopes, stdio/http formats,
+ * and validation for unsupported scope/transport combinations.
+ */
+test('providerMcpService handles codex MCP TOML config and capability validation', { concurrency: false }, async () => {
+  const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'llm-mcp-codex-'));
+  const workspacePath = path.join(tempRoot, 'workspace');
+  await fs.mkdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
+
+  const restoreHomeDir = patchHomeDir(tempRoot);
+  try {
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('codex', {
+      name: 'codex-user-stdio',
+      scope: 'user',
+      transport: 'stdio',
+      command: 'python',
+      args: ['server.py'],
+      env: { API_KEY: 'x' },
+      envVars: ['API_KEY'],
+      cwd: '/tmp',
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('codex', {
+      name: 'codex-project-http',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url: 'https://codex.example.com/mcp',
+      headers: { 'X-Custom-Header': 'value' },
+      envHttpHeaders: { 'X-API-Key': 'MY_API_KEY_ENV' },
+      bearerTokenEnvVar: 'MY_API_TOKEN',
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    const userTomlPath = path.join(tempRoot, '.codex', 'config.toml');
+    const userConfig = TOML.parse(await fs.readFile(userTomlPath, 'utf8')) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const userServers = userConfig.mcp_servers as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const userStdio = userServers['codex-user-stdio'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(userStdio.command, 'python');
+
+    const projectTomlPath = path.join(workspacePath, '.codex', 'config.toml');
+    const projectConfig = TOML.parse(await fs.readFile(projectTomlPath, 'utf8')) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const projectServers = projectConfig.mcp_servers as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const projectHttp = projectServers['codex-project-http'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(projectHttp.url, 'https://codex.example.com/mcp');
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('codex', {
+        name: 'codex-local',
+        scope: 'local',
+        transport: 'stdio',
+        command: 'node',
+      }),
+      (error: unknown) =>
+        error instanceof AppError &&
+        error.code === 'MCP_SCOPE_NOT_SUPPORTED' &&
+        error.statusCode === 400,
+    );
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('codex', {
+        name: 'codex-sse',
+        scope: 'project',
+        transport: 'sse',
+        url: 'https://example.com/sse',
+        workspacePath,
+      }),
+      (error: unknown) =>
+        error instanceof AppError &&
+        error.code === 'MCP_TRANSPORT_NOT_SUPPORTED' &&
+        error.statusCode === 400,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    restoreHomeDir();
+    await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * This test covers Gemini/Cursor MCP JSON formats and user/project scope persistence.
+ */
+test('providerMcpService handles gemini and cursor MCP JSON config formats', { concurrency: false }, async () => {
+  const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'llm-mcp-gc-'));
+  const workspacePath = path.join(tempRoot, 'workspace');
+  await fs.mkdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
+
+  const restoreHomeDir = patchHomeDir(tempRoot);
+  try {
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('gemini', {
+      name: 'gemini-stdio',
+      scope: 'user',
+      transport: 'stdio',
+      command: 'node',
+      args: ['server.js'],
+      env: { TOKEN: '$TOKEN' },
+      cwd: './server',
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('gemini', {
+      name: 'gemini-http',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url: 'https://gemini.example.com/mcp',
+      headers: { Authorization: 'Bearer token' },
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('cursor', {
+      name: 'cursor-stdio',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'stdio',
+      command: 'npx',
+      args: ['-y', 'mcp-server'],
+      env: { API_KEY: 'value' },
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('cursor', {
+      name: 'cursor-http',
+      scope: 'user',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url: 'http://localhost:3333/mcp',
+      headers: { API_KEY: 'value' },
+    });
+
+    const geminiUserConfig = await readJson(path.join(tempRoot, '.gemini', 'settings.json'));
+    const geminiUserServer = (geminiUserConfig.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['gemini-stdio'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(geminiUserServer.command, 'node');
+    assert.equal(geminiUserServer.type, undefined);
+
+    const geminiProjectConfig = await readJson(path.join(workspacePath, '.gemini', 'settings.json'));
+    const geminiProjectServer = (geminiProjectConfig.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['gemini-http'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(geminiProjectServer.type, 'http');
+
+    const cursorUserConfig = await readJson(path.join(tempRoot, '.cursor', 'mcp.json'));
+    const cursorHttpServer = (cursorUserConfig.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['cursor-http'] as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.equal(cursorHttpServer.url, 'http://localhost:3333/mcp');
+    assert.equal(cursorHttpServer.type, undefined);
+  } finally {
+    restoreHomeDir();
+    await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * This test covers the global MCP adder requirement: only http/stdio are allowed and
+ * one payload is written to all providers.
+ */
+test('providerMcpService global adder writes to all providers and rejects unsupported transports', { concurrency: false }, async () => {
+  const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'llm-mcp-global-'));
+  const workspacePath = path.join(tempRoot, 'workspace');
+  await fs.mkdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
+
+  const restoreHomeDir = patchHomeDir(tempRoot);
+  try {
+    const globalResult = await providerMcpService.addMcpServerToAllProviders({
+      name: 'global-http',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url: 'https://global.example.com/mcp',
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    assert.equal(globalResult.length, 4);
+    assert.ok(globalResult.every((entry) => entry.created === true));
+
+    const claudeProject = await readJson(path.join(workspacePath, '.mcp.json'));
+    assert.ok((claudeProject.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['global-http']);
+
+    const codexProject = TOML.parse(await fs.readFile(path.join(workspacePath, '.codex', 'config.toml'), 'utf8')) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    assert.ok((codexProject.mcp_servers as Record<string, unknown>)['global-http']);
+
+    const geminiProject = await readJson(path.join(workspacePath, '.gemini', 'settings.json'));
+    assert.ok((geminiProject.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['global-http']);
+
+    const cursorProject = await readJson(path.join(workspacePath, '.cursor', 'mcp.json'));
+    assert.ok((cursorProject.mcpServers as Record<string, unknown>)['global-http']);
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      providerMcpService.addMcpServerToAllProviders({
+        name: 'global-sse',
+        scope: 'project',
+        transport: 'sse',
+        url: 'https://example.com/sse',
+        workspacePath,
+      }),
+      (error: unknown) =>
+        error instanceof AppError &&
+        error.code === 'INVALID_GLOBAL_MCP_TRANSPORT' &&
+        error.statusCode === 400,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    restoreHomeDir();
+    await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * This test covers "run" behavior for both stdio and http MCP servers.
+ */
+test('providerMcpService runProviderServer probes stdio and http MCP servers', { concurrency: false }, async () => {
+  const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'llm-mcp-run-'));
+  const workspacePath = path.join(tempRoot, 'workspace');
+  await fs.mkdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
+
+  const restoreHomeDir = patchHomeDir(tempRoot);
+  const server = http.createServer((_req, res) => {
+    res.statusCode = 200;
+    res.end('ok');
+  });
+
+  try {
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => resolve()));
+    const address = server.address();
+    assert.ok(address && typeof address === 'object');
+    const url = `http://127.0.0.1:${address.port}/mcp`;
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('gemini', {
+      name: 'probe-http',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'http',
+      url,
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    await providerMcpService.upsertProviderMcpServer('cursor', {
+      name: 'probe-stdio',
+      scope: 'project',
+      transport: 'stdio',
+      command: process.execPath,
+      args: ['-e', 'process.exit(0)'],
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+
+    const httpProbe = await providerMcpService.runProviderMcpServer('gemini', {
+      name: 'probe-http',
+      scope: 'project',
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+    assert.equal(httpProbe.reachable, true);
+    assert.equal(httpProbe.transport, 'http');
+
+    const stdioProbe = await providerMcpService.runProviderMcpServer('cursor', {
+      name: 'probe-stdio',
+      scope: 'project',
+      workspacePath,
+    });
+    assert.equal(stdioProbe.reachable, true);
+    assert.equal(stdioProbe.transport, 'stdio');
+  } finally {
+    server.close();
+    restoreHomeDir();
+    await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
--- a/server/shared/interfaces.ts
+++ b/server/shared/interfaces.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import type {
+  LLMProvider,
+  McpScope,
+  McpTransport,
+  ProviderMcpServer,
+  UpsertProviderMcpServerInput,
+} from '@/shared/types.js';
+
+
+/**
+ * MCP runtime contract for one provider.
+ */
+export interface IProviderMcpRuntime {
+  listServers(options?: { workspacePath?: string }): Promise<Record<McpScope, ProviderMcpServer[]>>;
+  listServersForScope(scope: McpScope, options?: { workspacePath?: string }): Promise<ProviderMcpServer[]>;
+  upsertServer(input: UpsertProviderMcpServerInput): Promise<ProviderMcpServer>;
+  removeServer(
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{ removed: boolean; provider: LLMProvider; name: string; scope: McpScope }>;
+  runServer(
+    input: { name: string; scope?: McpScope; workspacePath?: string },
+  ): Promise<{
+    provider: LLMProvider;
+    name: string;
+    scope: McpScope;
+    transport: McpTransport;
+    reachable: boolean;
+    statusCode?: number;
+    error?: string;
+  }>;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Provider contract that both SDK and CLI families implement.
+ */
+export interface IProvider {
+  readonly id: LLMProvider;
+  readonly mcp: IProviderMcpRuntime;
+}
--- a/server/shared/types.ts
+++ b/server/shared/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// -------------- HTTP API response shapes for the server, shared across modules --------------
+
+export type ApiSuccessShape<TData = unknown> = {
+  success: true;
+  data: TData;
+};
+
+export type ApiErrorShape = {
+  success: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+    details?: unknown;
+  };
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type LLMProvider = 'claude' | 'codex' | 'gemini' | 'cursor';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type AppErrorOptions = {
+  code?: string;
+  statusCode?: number;
+  details?: unknown;
+};
+
+// -------------------- MCP related shared types --------------------
+export type McpScope = 'user' | 'local' | 'project';
+
+export type McpTransport = 'stdio' | 'http' | 'sse';
+
+/**
+ * Provider MCP server descriptor normalized for frontend consumption.
+ */
+export type ProviderMcpServer = {
+  provider: LLMProvider;
+  name: string;
+  scope: McpScope;
+  transport: McpTransport;
+  command?: string;
+  args?: string[];
+  env?: Record<string, string>;
+  cwd?: string;
+  url?: string;
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  envVars?: string[];
+  bearerTokenEnvVar?: string;
+  envHttpHeaders?: Record<string, string>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Shared payload shape for MCP server create/update operations.
+ */
+export type UpsertProviderMcpServerInput = {
+  name: string;
+  scope?: McpScope;
+  transport: McpTransport;
+  workspacePath?: string;
+  command?: string;
+  args?: string[];
+  env?: Record<string, string>;
+  cwd?: string;
+  url?: string;
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  envVars?: string[];
+  bearerTokenEnvVar?: string;
+  envHttpHeaders?: Record<string, string>;
+};
--- a/server/shared/utils.ts
+++ b/server/shared/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import type { NextFunction, Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
+
+import type { ApiErrorShape, ApiSuccessShape, AppErrorOptions } from '@/shared/types.js';
+
+export function createApiSuccessResponse<TData>(
+  data: TData,
+): ApiSuccessShape<TData> {
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data,
+  };
+}
+
+export function createApiErrorResponse(
+  code: string,
+  message: string,
+  details?: unknown
+): ApiErrorShape {
+  return {
+    success: false,
+    error: {
+      code,
+      message,
+      details,
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+export function asyncHandler(
+  handler: (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => Promise<unknown>
+): RequestHandler {
+  return (req, res, next) => {
+    void Promise.resolve(handler(req, res, next)).catch(next);
+  };
+}
+
+// --------- Global app error class for consistent error handling across the server ---------
+export class AppError extends Error {
+  readonly code: string;
+  readonly statusCode: number;
+  readonly details?: unknown;
+
+  constructor(message: string, options: AppErrorOptions = {}) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'AppError';
+    this.code = options.code ?? 'INTERNAL_ERROR';
+    this.statusCode = options.statusCode ?? 500;
+    this.details = options.details;
+  }
+}
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// ------------------------ The following are mainly for provider MCP runtimes ------------------------
+/**
+ * Safely narrows an unknown value to a plain object record.
+ *
+ * This deliberately rejects arrays, `null`, and primitive values so callers can
+ * treat the returned value as a JSON-style object map without repeating the same
+ * defensive shape checks at every config read site.
+ */
+export const readObjectRecord = (value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null => {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return value as Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads an optional string from unknown input and normalizes empty or whitespace-only
+ * values to `undefined`.
+ *
+ * This is useful when parsing config files where a field may be missing, present
+ * with the wrong type, or present as an empty string that should be treated as
+ * "not configured".
+ */
+export const readOptionalString = (value: unknown): string | undefined => {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const normalized = value.trim();
+  return normalized.length > 0 ? normalized : undefined;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads an optional string array from unknown input.
+ *
+ * Non-array values are ignored, and any array entries that are not strings are
+ * filtered out. This lets provider config readers consume loosely shaped JSON/TOML
+ * data without failing on incidental invalid members.
+ */
+export const readStringArray = (value: unknown): string[] | undefined => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  return value.filter((entry): entry is string => typeof entry === 'string');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads an optional string-to-string map from unknown input.
+ *
+ * The function first ensures the source value is a plain object, then keeps only
+ * keys whose values are strings. If no valid entries remain, it returns `undefined`
+ * so callers can distinguish "no usable map" from an empty object that was
+ * intentionally authored downstream.
+ */
+export const readStringRecord = (value: unknown): Record<string, string> | undefined => {
+  const record = readObjectRecord(value);
+  if (!record) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const normalized: Record<string, string> = {};
+  for (const [key, entry] of Object.entries(record)) {
+    if (typeof entry === 'string') {
+      normalized[key] = entry;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Object.keys(normalized).length > 0 ? normalized : undefined;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads a JSON config file and guarantees a plain object result.
+ *
+ * Missing files are treated as an empty config object so provider-specific MCP
+ * readers can operate against first-run environments without special-case file
+ * existence checks. If the file exists but contains invalid JSON, the parse error
+ * is preserved and rethrown.
+ */
+export const readJsonConfig = async (filePath: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => {
+  try {
+    const content = await readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(content) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    return readObjectRecord(parsed) ?? {};
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = (error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code;
+    if (code === 'ENOENT') {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    throw error;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Writes a JSON config file with stable, human-readable formatting.
+ *
+ * The parent directory is created automatically so callers can persist config into
+ * provider-specific folders without pre-creating the directory tree. Output always
+ * ends with a trailing newline to keep the file diff-friendly.
+ */
+export const writeJsonConfig = async (filePath: string, data: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<void> => {
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
+  await writeFile(filePath, `${JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}\n`, 'utf8');
+};
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+